Chondrosarcoma Background: Most common bone cancer in adults (40%) Most frequent sites of origin: Pelvis and proximal femur Characterized by malignant cartilage matrix production without osteoid Bony destruction + calcification Very chemoresistant Subtypes: Conventional (90%) Non-conventional (10%) Clear cell Dedifferentiated Mesenchymal Myxoid Juxtacortical Treatment: Conventional chondrosarcoma: Wide surgical excision with negative margins Consider radiation therapy for: Bo

Types: Urothelial carcinoma/ Transitional cell (90%) Risk Factors: Occupational exposures (dye manufacturers, rubber aluminum factories), smoking SCC of the bladder (5%) Associated with chronic inflammation (schistosoma, chronic UTI, chronic foley use) Treatment: Surgery Adenocarcinoma of bladder (2%) Treatment: Cystectomy Small cell bladder cancer (1%) Treatment: Cisplatin + Etoposide (like regimen for SCLC) → RT or cystectomy Plasmacytoid: Associated with CDH1 gene mutatio

Background: Risk factor: HPV (high risk) > HIV, smoking Mostl y SCC Work-up: DRE Anoscopy LN biopsy/FNA HIV test Chest/abd CT scan Staging: T1: ≤ 2cm T2: 2-5 cm T3: > 5cm T4: Any tumor size invaded to adjacent organs Perianal SCC Non-metastatic disease (M0): Local excision/surgery: Indications: T1 N0 well/moderately differentiated T2 N0 with no sphincter involvement ChemoRT: Indications: T1 N0 poorly differentiated T2-4 N0 Any T N+ ChemoRT can cure without requiring an abdomi